Ethics in Contracts Essay

Abstract: When creating a contract, a negotiator is not only doing so to reach an agreement between two or more parties, but to create an agreement that is durable; whereby parties of the contract are legally bound and committed to its promises . â€Å"A legally binding contract is defined as an exchange of promises or an agreement between parties that the law will enforce, and there is an underlying presumption for commercial agreements that parties intend to be legally bound† [1]. When a contract does not expressly address a contingency that occurs, the morality of breach is assumed here to depend on what the contract would have said had it addressed the contingency. Morality in contracts becomes crucial to parties entering into a contract. This is where the role of ethics comes in. Introduction: The etymology of â€Å"business† relates to the state of being busy either as an individual or society as a whole, doing commercially viable and profitable work. The most common form of business all around the world is corporation. There are more than 2 partners who either wholly or has limited liability over the business. In such a scenario the need to bind by certain terms arose both within the organization by the stakeholders and outside the organization with the suppliers and wholesalers. This dire need gave rise to â€Å"contracts†. The leaders of the organization cooperate with a set of written rules bounded by every other stakeholder. HOW CONTRACT? It all started as an idea of shaking hands, the idea it expresses has had greater impact on Business ethics. Just a simple handshake denotes the idea of agreement in economic contexts. A contract is an agreement entered voluntarily by two or more parties, each of whom intends to create one or more legal obligations between or among them. The elements of a contract are offer and acceptance by competent persons having legal capacity who exchanges consideration to create mutuality of obligation, and, in some circumstances, do so in writing. A contract is always enforceable by law and has the following essentials.[2] 1.Intentions to create a contract 2.Offer and acceptance 3.Consideration 4.Capacity to enter into contract 5.Free consent of the parties 6.Lawful object of consideration Being Ethical in contracts is behaving in accordance with social conventions, religious beliefs and law where the humans are basically evolved in a moral sense and possess the ability to engage in moral behaviour. The law here is aforesaid liability in contracts where the generic importance is of getting a fair share in corporation profits. That is why it becomes extremely important to maintain ethics in contracts. The lawful object of consideration is considered very important in the contract and ethics related to contract. This is because in case of contract breach ethically or non-ethically reimbursing the value of lawful object of consideration is hereby treated as lawful. It is therefore imperative that contracts are created to be as durable as possible so parties are unable to find legal ‘loopholes’ and use their power, wealth, ignorance or cultural differences in setting contracts aside. Apart from that the ethical behaviour of the parties involved in contract adds an extra layer to the contract thereby keeping the best interest of people involved in contract. The following factors seem to affect the ethics involved in contracts. Cultural Flexibility Japanese culture for instance, the creation of a contract symbolises formation of a working relationship, and not a legally binding agreement. Some groups will regard the contract as being flexible in terms that if any problems or issues arise, the parties will reassess the obligations of the agreement and negotiate ways to preserve the relationship. Being Ethical and professional at the same time is viewed with high regard by the Japanese. However, this is not generally the ‘Western’ view on contracts. In relation to the ethical issue of cultural relativism, a business is obliged to operate in a manner acceptable to the host country, both legally and morally. The example cited here dealing with Shell portrays the fact of having contract as per the ethical behaviour of the host country. In those cases, there arises a question, is it morally wrong for a Western party to hold a Japanese party to the contract when it is known that the Japanese party would not have intended to be legally bound? Or is it unethical or immoral of the Japanese to sign such an agreement, even though they mean well when signing it, knowing the Western party intended to be legally bound by the contract but themselves see the contract as more of a flexible agreement? 1.Shell Oil : Brent Spar incident Popularly known as the Nigeria/Spar episode which taught the company to be ethical in its host country. In its action to maximize profits Shell articulated roundtables of 14 countries which brought together 159 shell executives and 145 external participants including opinion leaders and journalists. In this meet Shell articulated a contract which ensured its commitment to health, safety and environment. It set the same as the goals of the company. The step to the goal was supposedly implemented immediately by setting up safety team to manage HSE and Shell publicly announced its commitment towards human right and health safety[4]. Shell’s initiatives in the wake of Nigeria and Brent Spar signalled a fuller recognition of subtlety of ethics. With the completion of a pipeline connection to the oil terminal at Sullom Voe in Shetland, the storage facility had continued in use but was considered to be of no further value as of 1991. Brent Spar became an issue of public concern in 1995, when the British government announced its support for Shell’s application for disposal in deep Atlantic waters at North Feni Ridge (approximately 250 km from the west coast of Scotland, at a depth of around 2.5 km)[3]. This put issues of societal expectation in sharp relief. These incidents forced shell to recognize that people around the world come to place a heightened value on conservation of natural resources. Nigeria on the other hand had distinctively non European ethical expectations for companies. The evolving ethical attitudes of emerging economies, made Shell recognize that unless it changes global and regional changes in attitudes it cannot draw a line between ethical and unethical behaviour. Nigeria and Brent Spar forces shell to realize the importance of social contracts that framed business activities. Shell later on monitored the changing communal understandings as they played a growing role in company’s actions. Shell started to factor social contracts into ethical decision making process. Ethical games in business are played with different rules in different countries. In companies multinationals and corporations’ racial gender and world, questions of clash and compatibility between family and work are now assumed to be proper province of corporate management. Shell with its troubles it faced in early 90s due to Brent spar incident stands as a perfect example to approaching ethical issues in business. The differences in cultural expectations can predictably lead to the more economically powerful party attempting to negotiate that all breaches will be dealt with ultimately by courts from their own culture, applying their own cultural and legal rules. This then highlights the issue of different legal rules existing in different countries which enable contracts to be set aside. The list of exceptions to finality of contracts varies from one jurisdiction to another, and this is often placed under the label ‘frustration of contracts’. Some jurisdictions, notably Australia, Israel and India, imply a term of good faith into contracts. A final way in which terms may be implied due to fact is through a previous course of dealing or common. The Uniform Commercial Code of the United States also imposes an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in performance and enforcement of contracts covered by the Code, which cannot be derogated from. [5] Lack of Informed Consent Some acts cannot legally take place because of a lack of informed consent. Another person is generally authorised to give consent if an individual is unable to. These cases sometimes result in a party refusing to comply with the terms of the contract. This usually is exploited by many unethical behaviour. 2.This was the case in Gerbert and Gerbert (1990) FLC 92-137 [1], where a husband settled for 10% of assets against his probable entitlement to 40%, and it was held that there was no miscarriage of justice as the husband acted feely and was advised to seek legal advice. In cases where an individual is provided limited facts, serious ethical issues may arise. It is unethical to hold someone to a contract when they clearly had no awareness of exactly what they were signing and committing themselves to, due to ignorance. It is unethical for a lawyer to encourage the signing of a document if they are clearly not fully understanding of the document. Wealth If the chance of success and money is opportune to a wealthy person, their capacity and willingness can give rise to alleging various legal justifications for breach. A few years of legal expenses may only be a small proportion of their empire, and the resulting attrition and disparate investment in the conflict may eventually encourage other parties to renegotiate the disputed In terms of moral relativism, most people would agree that it is ethically wrong to use wealth to control a situation and to ‘force’ people into renegotiating clauses in contracts if they are unable to afford the legal bill accompanying a dispute. In situations such as these, the ‘little man’ usually loses out and will ultimately succumb to the power of the other party or parties. 3.Gujarat Housing Board vs Vipul Corporation on 21 June, 2004 [6] Housing Board was awarded a contract to Vipul Corporation for Water Proofing work of 360 Middle Income Group Houses at Valsad on 22.11.1994, being highest bidder, on accepting the tender. It appears that at the last moment, when work was about to be started, the work was obstructed. Housing Board was sincerely trying to create an atmosphere which may enable the contractor to perform the contract. It appears that the Housing Board also took the defence of frustration of the contract as per sec. 56 of the Contracts Act. Vipul Corporation lost the case but it hardly did anything to their business that they were able to pay the indemnification amount in the contract and started bidding for other contracts as if nothing had happened with their wealth. This was because of the large amount of accumulated wealth. Undue Influence Undue influence is an equitable doctrine that involves one person taking advantage of a position of power over another. The law presumes that in certain classes of relationship there will be a special risk of one party unduly influencing their conduct and motives for contracting. The general rule is whether there was a relationship of such trust and confidence that it should give rise to such a presumption 4.An example of such a case is Odorizzi v. Bloomfield School District CA Ct of App 54 Ca Rpt 533 [1964]. The plaintiff was under contract as a teacher. He was arrested, and the next day he allegedly was pressured by his superiors to sign and deliver his resignation. He was cleared of the criminal charges, and then he sought to be reinstated by the school district. They refused, so he sued to rescind his resignation. He claimed that his resignation should not be enforced because, among other things, he signed it under the â€Å"undue influence† of his superiors. When a party has placed their confidence and trust in another and this relationship is broken, the view of moral relativism will generally see this situation as being wrong. Here we see that the implications of Ethics in contracts being ignored. Ensuring Ethics of Contracts †¢A longstanding relationship –a contract with them raise incentives to perform †¢Avoiding making contracts with cultural groups that view contracts as the ‘beginning of a relationship’, rather than a legally binding agreement [1] †¢Clarifying whether ‘yes’ means ‘maybe’ or ‘no’ and whether signed and detailed contracts are considered to be binding, morally, legally and/or in reputation, †¢How any future misunderstandings and problems will be addressed to be discussed at the time of the contract †¢Only going into contract with parties that are stable and reliable †¢Attempting to reduce buyer’s remorse by †¢Making congratulatory speeches about the agreement’s benefits †¢Never agreeing quickly to any clauses †¢Adding post-agreement gifts and bonuses †¢Publicize the deal by mutual agreement. A wider audience will then place expectations on all parties to perform, or risk losing face and credibility in future arrangements. Most people have a strong desire to act consistently with their own clear commitment Signing a contract We focus so much on deal substance and style that we often lose sight of the problems that can arise at the most critical time of all—when pen is hitting paper. If a lawyer mishandles contract execution, it can lead to a malpractice claim, professional discipline and a very angry client (or, more likely, former client) A DEAL ISN’T â€Å"DONE† UNTIL YOU SEE A FULLY SIGNED AGREEMENT (or, better yet, cash in the bank) 5.As a great example of this, see International Telemeter v. Teleprompter, 592 F.2d 49 (2d Cir. 1979). Kirsch’s client told Kirsch that it had signed a settlement agreement, but Kirsch didn’t get the signed copy into his possession. Kirsch then relayed the alleged good news to the other side. However, Kirsch’s client had a management change before delivering the signed copy, and the new management balked at the settlement. This left Kirsch in the middle—he had told the other side that the agreement was done (and had authority to do so), but his client had reversed course and was saying the deal was never signed. Not only did Kirsch’s eagerness cost Kirsch a client (he resigned), but he has very few defences if his former client sues him for malpractice based on being committed to a deal they didn’t want. This issue also comes up with press releases—no public announcements of a completed deal until you see the fully signed contract. 6.ONGC vs Streamline Shipping Co. Pvt. Ltd. on 22 March, 2002 [7] On 19-2-1999 the appellant floated a tender for manning, running, operating, repairing and maintenance on hire of three vessels under Group IX i.e. Samudrika 2, Samudrika 7 and Sindhu 9. The respondent was one of the tenderers. On 30-12-1999 a contract was signed between the appellant and respondent for vessel Samudrika 2 for the primary term of 2 and half years from 9-12-1999. Clause 1.10.1 of the agreement provided. In the case above a contract was floated between ONGC and Streamline shipping co. for maintenance of three vessels. The vessels were damaged pretty badly in an exploration expedition and ONGC sought their help as per contract. But the streamline shipping company due to the high cost that may be incurred, viewing their personal interests acted unethically in contract and avoided to repair. In the 1990s, this issue reached a zenith as lawyers scrambled to obtain equity in clients, either as part of undertaking the representation or as directed shares when clients were lining up for an IPO. Seeking big payoffs, some lawyers took pretty aggressive interpretations of the rules to engage in these transactions, but it would be a mistake to relegate this behaviour to the dot-com boom. Instead, doing business with clients occurs in all aspects of the legal profession, and it poses significant risks in every format. Parties’ concern of breach Still another reason why it may be rational for parties not to take pains to include many contingent provisions in a contract concern the general possibility of renegotiation of their contract. The reason why we would expect only limited use of contingent provisions is that our legal regime, under which parties usually are able to commit breach and pay damages, serves as an implicit substitute for contingent provisions. Under this regime, a party will be motivated to perform if the cost of so doing is not high, in order to avoid paying damages; whereas he will be led to commit breach if the cost of performing is high, because paying damages will be less expensive than performing. This behaviour – performing when the cost is below a threshold and not performing when the cost would exceed a threshold – is in at least qualitative alignment is considered unethical. Still another reason why it may be rational for parties not to take pains to include many contingent provision s in a contract concerns the general possibility of renegotiation of their contract. The parties can anticipate that if they do not provide for a troublesome contingency and it occurs, they will often be able to renegotiate and resolve their problem. If, for instance, the seller finds that it would be unexpectedly costly to perform when the contract requires that, he might be able to obtain a release from his obligation by paying the buyer some bargained-for sum. Of course, the outcome of such renegotiation may be uncertain and it may introduce an added risk into a contract. The question of the morality of breach is when contracts are incomplete. To ascertain whether a breach in a contingency that was not explicitly provided for is moral or immoral under our definition, one needs to determine whether performance would or would not have been required had the contingency been expressly addressed, and whether the parties to the incomplete contract know this. The morality of breach of incomplete contracts occurs when damages equal the expectation measure. When sellers have to pay damages for breach, they will be motivated to obey the contract if the cost of performance is less than the damages they would have to pay for a breach. If, though, the cost of performance exceeds the damages they would owe for a breach, they will have a financial reason to commit breach. Hence, they will tend to commit breach if and only if the cost of performance exceeds the measure of damages. Ethics comes in this aspect when the sellers has the cost of performance exceeds the damages they have to pay. The ethical aspect is whether to perform the contract or not. Since the penalty is very less compared to the cost of performing the work, the contractor tends to do violate the contract and pay the penalty. This should be avoided by corporations to create a good reputation within its peers. In order to avoid this circumstance, the contracting parties now-a-days agree to have the compensation amount to be greater than the cost of doing the actual work. The case regarding the state of Kerala precisely portrays this part of the ethics in contracts. 7.State Of Kerala vs United Shippers And Dredgers Ltd. on 15 July, 1982 The Government of Kerala through Superintending Engineer, Irrigation Central Circle, Trichur, entered into a contract with the respondent on 19-9-1975 to do the work of improvements to Champakkara Canal-Dredging works and allied works. The work was agreed to be completed on or before 15-7-1976. The agreement also required the contractor to maintain progress in work as prescribed in the schedule in Clause 3 of the agreement. There was also a provision in the contract to enable penalty to be levied in case of failure on the part of the contractor to maintain stipulated progress. The contractor did not maintain stipulated progress and extensions of time were granted on contractor’s requests as per supplemental agreements. Or account of the delay in maintaining agreed progress in the work; penalties were levied against the contractor at the rates prescribed. After the completion of the work end the drawing of the final bill, disputes arose between the contracting parties and as provided in the agreement. From withheld amount a sum of Rupees 7,35,000/- (Rupees seven lakhs and thirty five thousand only) shall be refunded to claimant by the respondents.†. The United shippers Ltd. performed the breach on account of the cost of compensation being higher than the cost of performing contract. The ethical aspect of this made contracts thereafter to rewrite them in lieu of having the cost of compensation and the cost of lost profit to be included in the terms of contract. Had the parties been ethical, it wouldn’t have required the contracts to reinvent their terms for this sake. For example, if the measure of damages is $125 instead of the expectation of $200, breach will occur whenever the cost of performance exceeds $125. Consequently, if breach occurs when the cost is between $125 and $200, for instance when it is $150, the complete contract would have insisted on performance. Such breach would be immoral and unethical, if the seller realizes that the true expectation is $200. Given the conclusions reached in the prior section, what can be said about whether the breach that we see in practice is moral or immoral? If damages tend to be fully compensatory, we could say that breach tends to be moral, as breach should occur if and only if contracting parties would have allowed non performance had they addressed in their contracts the contingencies that engendered breach. But if damages are not really compensatory, breach might be immoral. Situations portraying Ethics Damages tend not to reflect the often considerable delays that victims of breach suffer. The legal costs are not compensated. In view of the foregoing, the practical reality seems to be that breach could be immoral or moral, that we have to inspect the reasons for breach and the knowledge of the party committing breach to know which the case is. To gain an understanding of these issues, a small-scale survey was conducted [8]. The number of respondents were 41. The survey consisted of four questions, each of which asked about the morality of breach and could be answered as follows: (1) definitely unethical; (2) somewhat unethical; (3) neither ethical nor unethical; (4) somewhat ethical; (5) definitely ethical. Assigning a score of 1 to definitely unethical, a score of 2 to somewhat unethical, and so forth. Hence, the lower score, the less ethical a respondent felt breach would be. The first question was designed to ascertain whether respondents believe that breach in general is unethi cal. It was as follows: 8. [8]â€Å"Suppose that a Renovator has made a contract with a construction company to do a Home decor. The Renovator then discovers that the job would cost him a lot more than he had anticipated because the price of decor equipment has risen sharply – so the Renovator would lose money on the job. Is it unethical for the Renovater to break his contract with the company?† Note that the question does not mention whether damages would be paid. The average answer score was 2.41, meaning about midway between somewhat unethical and neither ethical nor unethical. Also, 38 of the 41 respondents found breach unethical or ethically neutral; only 3 of respondents answered that the breach would be somewhat ethical (none as definitely ethical). 9.[8]â€Å"Suppose that a Renovator has made a contract with a construction company and finds that his costs have risen sharply due to an increase in the price of decoration equipment. Suppose too that the Renovator and the company did not discuss this unlikely possibility when they made their contract. However, the Renovator knows what they would have agreed to if they had discussed this possible large cost increase in advance: They would have agreed that the contract would be cancelled if there was a large cost increase – the Renovator would be excused from the contract. Under these assumptions, is it unethical for the Renovator to break his contract?†The average answer score was 3.0, meaning ethically neutral. Also, 17 of the respondents found breach more ethical in this question than they had in the first question; none of the respondents found breach less ethical than in the first question. 10.[8] â€Å"Suppose that a kitchen Renovator has made a contract with a construction company and finds that his costs have risen sharply due to an increase in the price of decoration equipment. Suppose too that the Renovator and the comapany did not discuss this unlikely possibility when they made their contract. However, the Renovator knows what they would have agreed to if they had discussed this possible large cost increase in advance: They would have agreed that the contract would remain in force despite a large price increase – the Renovator would still have to do the job.† The average answer score for this question was 1.56, which is to say, midway between definitely unethical and somewhat ethical. All but three of the respondents found breach to be somewhat or definitely unethical, and the other three considered it ethically neutral. Further, 31 of the respondents found breach to be less ethical than in the prior question where the hypothesis was that performance would not have been agreed to. 11.[8]â€Å"Suppose that a kitchen Renovator has made a contract with a construction comapny and finds that his costs have risen sharply due to an increase in the price of decoration equipment. If the kitchen Renovator breaks his contract with the company, suppose that (as contract law says is required) he compensates the construction company for his losses – for delay, inconvenience, having to hire another renovator, and so forth. Is it unethical for the Renovator to breach his contract?†The average answer score for this question was 3.56, which is about midway between ethically neutral and somewhat ethical. In summary, the individuals participating in the survey found the simple, unqualified fact of breach to be unethical on average (2.41 was the average for question 1). In other words, the felt reaction to the fact of breach is that it is an unethical act. However, when individuals were prompted by being told what contracting parties would have agreed to had they discussed the particular contingency that arose, individuals tended to change their evaluation of the morality of breach, finding it better or worse in the expected way. When informed that if the problematic contingency had been discussed, the contracting parties would have said no duty to perform, individuals found breach ethically neutral (3.0 was the average for question 2). When apprised that if the problematic contingency had been discussed, the contracting parties would have said there was still a duty to perform, individuals found breach to be quite unethical (1.56 was the average score for question 3). And when told that breach would be accompanied by full damages payments, individuals again changed their opinion of breach, finding it to be somewhat ethical (3.56 was the average score for question 4). An important normative aspect of many commentators’ writing on breach is their moral advice. Their writing often suggests that individuals and corporations ought to feel a general ethical duty to obey contracts, that is, a desire to obey contracts above and beyond that due only to having to pay damages for breach. If we could shape individuals’ moral feelings, we would want corporations to put a thumb on the scale in favour of contract performance. According to a perfectly calibrated and flexible moral system, the moral sentiments would come into play if and only if they are needed to correct the too-great incentive of a â€Å"bad man† to commit breach, when the personal benefit from breach would exceed damages but not the true value of the expectancy. This ideal moral system is consistent with the spirit of traditional advice, and is inconsistent with the spirit of efficient breach theory, in that morality has a useful role to play. The actual moral system, however, is not as flexible as the ideal one. The moral impulses probably cannot be freely tailored to turn on for this kind of contract breach and to turn off or that one. The implications for moral advice about breach become complicated, for when giving moral advice, we have to consider the degree to which the advice will be understood as special to the circumstances of the breach, or as having a more general effect, and thus entailing the implicit disadvantages just mentioned. A striking instance of such thinking is that underlying the approach of the German Civil Code to contract performance, according to which the general remedy for breach is supposed to be specific performance. Had it been that contracts are to an important extent incomplete promises and thus on reflection that the morality of promise-keeping does not imply that performance should always occur. Damages are inadequate because it is time-consuming and expensive for the legal system to resolve what would often be contentious proceedings about subjective elements of loss from breach. It may be that our legal system works better avoiding the costs of ascertaining these problematic elements of loss, relying on moral forces, such as they are, to fill the gap in inducing appropriate performance. Conclusion The implications article for the general normative thrust of the writing of traditional commentators concerned with the morality of breach and also of the efficient breach theorists. Assuming that the social objective is to promote an corporate measure of social welfare, one based on individuals’ utilities. In particular, our moral feelings which have been portrayed as Ethics throughout will have a direct effect on social welfare because they are themselves components of corporate utilities and they will also exert an indirect influence on social welfare because they provide incentives toward socially desirable behaviour. In any event, the belief that there is a clear and overarching moral reason to alter contract law to enhance the keeping of contracts appears to me to be the product of an over simple view of the moral sentiments and of a related failure to take into account the importance of the incompleteness of contracts. List of references 1.http://www.bond.edu.au/law 2.Course material on Indian Legal System-IIMC 3.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Spar 4.Ties that Bind- Donaldson and Thomas 5.http://contracts.uslegal.com/elements-of-a-contract/ 6.http://www.indiankanoon.org/docfragment/927021/?formInput=gujarat%20housing%20board%20vs%20vipul%20corporation 7.http://www.indiankanoon.org/docfragment/1617242/?formInput=ongc%20vs%20streamline%20shipping 8.A Social Contracts Approach to Business Ethics By Thomas

Motivation Work Performance

High performance organizations are those organizations with a culture that is flexible and encouraging dynamism, inventions, knowledge sharing, allowing diversities in working across boundaries, stimulates its people to be high performers; it is based on certain values and a great place to work.These key elements are believed to be what encourages the employees to be performing highly.Researchers use these organizations to find out several barriers as a result of cultural variations that subsequently contribute to low performance in the organization (Sanford and Bracey 1977).Such organizations have a pure formal structure of administration of which the positions in the organization have professionals. Any informality in the organization disqualifies it from being a high performance organization, since it has to have clear means of communication without misunderstandings from either the source, or towards the source.Members of such organization put mechanism in place that act in a med iating capacity to help resolve any arising matters that may result into a problem of the future e.g. if a member is rejecting another’s opinion then he is considered by being appraised positively in order to generate new opinions.Groups are people sharing one commonality. They (groups) exist because of a common interest that is necessary for the survival of individuals belonging to the group. An example of a group is the community which has a complex commonality.Groups can be informal and others can be formal depending with each one group’s interest. Group of young boys (peer group) can not be considered to be formal because of its nature of operation, even though they have their rules, regulations, code of conducts, and valued opinions amongst themselves. All the above mentioned about a peer group is not written anywhere, they all adapt to those factors through the natural process of learning as they socialize one another in relation to the society they live in. For such groups it is either you abide by the set standards in order to fit in, even if it is that bad, you either do it as a way of showing solidarity. Refusal whatsoever displays deviance and it could lead to punitive measures at times it could be death or rejection.In some instances it is correct to say that a group can improve itself till it gets to the status of a high performing organization. Some things have to be observed so that a group can finally increase its performance for better. The informal status of a group has to be changed; in that case it should have a formal procedure in terms of handling matters related to the affairs of the group. The other important initiative to consider is the manpower, and the availability of staff that are professionally fitting in the capacity they occupy in that group (Anderson 2001)Many groups have taken an initiative to offer their employees equal chances in terms of pursuing further education, or granting employees’ funds for stud ies. Such a move has a positive impact on the progress of the group towards becoming a high performer in future.Motivation is a concern of study that has varied approaches on how to define it, even though describing it seems a little more understandable and common to many of us i.e. running home very fast because of a possible down pour in the next ten, or so minutes. In such a situation is it the rain, or a person own determination and willingness to run that can be accounted for that state of motion, or action?Let’s consider here the fact that one energizes himself after thinking that he will be wet in no time unless h/she does something about it. Motivation can be described as a human’s internal state of being in need, or having a desire towards achieving a set goal, that goal is a target which acts as the source of energy we use while we engage ourselves in a goal directed/oriented behavior. This goal oriented behavior is believed to persistently continue until we achieve our set goal. Motivation thus can be said to be an activity that is result oriented, while we undergo an internal experience.Hertzberg’s two-factor-theories- of work and motivation, it is a clear and very simple theory which tends to confine itself to a circle of activities that revolve around the human-work relationship. As the theory goes it starts with satisfaction and dissatisfaction. In between the two is a neutral state; satisfaction is achieved through motivation which entails several other factors that make it achieve the state of satisfaction, they include; achieving the set goals, to move forward by advancing in whatever one is pursuing, being recognized as an important person, or personnel   in the organization, or place of work.Dissatisfaction is believed to be accelerated by several other factors that are coined into one title; hygiene factors, this factors include, low salary pay that really make one undergo too much constraints in his day to day budge ting while attempting to make ends meet, the other one is the company policies which are at times unfavorable to the employees by putting them on toes all the time throughout the working time at times draining the workers to the point of performing poorly; hence being in a constant conflict with management, the other factor is work mates who might not be getting along well with one of the employees; or even amongst themselves, one might feel out placed in such a situation, another last but not least hygiene factor is the supervisory styles from the management; supervisors at times are always a headache to employees because they at times clash at work with their juniors because most supervisors are poorly trained, of which it would have been better in the maintenance of good work relationship and performance in the company.A point to note is that when one will attempt to manage dissatisfaction h/she will get to the neutral state, and he needs to put in motivational factors in order t o achieve satisfaction (Steers and Porter, 1987).Leaders are people who are thought to be intelligent than the persons they lead this assumption is based on the fact that they (leaders) have a greater influence to the people they lead than how the people can influence them. Leaders be it political ones, religious ones, diplomatic leaders, traditional leaders, or spiritual leaders all of them have a following they command and at times these leaders are used to influence the people they lead in order to satisfy certain goals. People in organizations will always respect their bosses simply because they are above them; and that they lead them especially those people heading unions that represent the rights of workers, students and religious based organization, most of the time they are taken seriously, even in times of declaring protests, demonstration, riots, strikes, and many more activities such as ejecting other people in offices simply because their territorial leaders have declare d.Employees’ team spirit is a major contributor towards motivation at work places because of several other factors, including the relationship amongst them, and with the management. Good relationship is needed in all direction so that it improves the blame game that always interferes with group motivational abilities. Most employees will be seen as competing among one another only to spoil so much, this is a negative type of motivation since they have not realized how harmful the competition is to them. Hence employees need to realize they are one against many others out there, as a matter of concern they should convert their motivation of competing against one another, into a motivation of competing with the outside competitors.The managerial staff is in charge of many functions that go on in the organization and that they have the ability to influence employees positively and ethically in order to make them productive at will without violating the code of ethics. Employeesà ¢â‚¬â„¢ rights should be observed carefully because it is very hard at times to realize that one is oppressing employees more so if the part of pay is high and the working conditions are bad. Employees   should provided with transport services to enable them to get to work early and at the end of the day they appreciate what they are offered since they remain with an excess that would have gone towards payments of transportation costs.ConclusionHigh performance organization can be defined as agro up setting only that it has way far standard than that of an ordinary group we all feel is still immature in a number of ways, although   it is hard maybe for some people to understand such a comparison because, generally the two are made up of people.Groups ought to be motivated   by giving them examples of high performing organization, the trend of their success so that they see it as an achievable value of improvement, otherwise its easy for members of a group to disbelieve and dis miss claim that a group can grow into an outstanding performer in future. Many might be believing that, unfair means e.g. corruption might work fast towards achieving the high status.Motivation theories at times don’t simply agree to one thing as a contributing factor of motivation, why are we doing things we always do? Money is a form of external extrinsic factors of motivation we encounter in our day to day life not to forget other extrinsic factors such as promises of reward if one performs best at a given work., threat to do something; like running fast to avoid being mugged, scrambling for little food in order not to starve is intrinsic factor of motivation, but salivating to food upon seeing them on display is an extrinsic factor of motivation. Such ways of describing how motivational factors work need a closer understanding by reading almost the whole explanation of how motion is related to our environment, physiology, society, and our psychology.ReferencesAnderson. N. 2001. Handbook of Industrial, Work and Organization Psychology. Sage, ISBN 0761964894.Sanford. C. A and Bracey. J. H 1977. Human Relationship: The Theory and Practice of Organizational Behavior.Merill. ISBN 0675085055.Steers, R M. and Porter. W 1987 Motivation and Work Behavior.NY McGraw-hill

Asf Essay Research Paper During the 19th

Asf Essay, Research Paper During the nineteenth century the intervention of both inmates and ex-convicts was in most peoples eyes inhumane. A inmate would be worked for long hours without nutrient. Many ex-convicts were neer to the full re-accepted back into society due to their yesteryear as a inmate. If an ex-convict managed to maintain his yesteryear a secret and do a new life for himself, if and when the ex-con revealed his yesteryear he was one time once more excluded and non considered a portion of society. When Jean Valjean is eventually released from the galleys after 19 old ages he emerges a strong, but frail adult male. His original sentence was 4 old ages for stealing a loaf of staff of life to feed his hapless household. Jean Valjean attempts and fails to get away several times adding the 15 old ages to his sentence. # 8220 ; In the 6th twelvemonth his bend for flight came once more ; he tried it, but failed once more. He did non reply at axial rotation call and the dismay cannon was fired. At dark the people of the locality discovered him concealed beneath the keel of a vas on the stocks ; he resisted the galley guard that seized him. Escape and opposition. This the commissariats of the particular codification punished by an add-on of five old ages, two within the dual concatenation, 13 old ages ( p 32 ) . # 8221 ; Here one can see how the penalty for certain Acts of the Apostless of inmates was taken attention of. When Jean Valjean is put to work on the two-base hit concatenation he is given really small nutrient and worked for highly long hours. After Jean Valjean is eventually released from the galleys after 19 old ages he journeys to a little town and seeks lodging. Jean Valjean tries several hostels and tap houses but none accept him because he was a inmate. Jean Valjean so finds a kennel and crawls in and is still forced out by a Canis familiaris baring all its dentitions. â€Å"The provincial? s face assumed an look of misgiving: he looked over the new-comer from caput to pes, and all of a sudden exclaimed, with a kind of frisson: â€Å"Are you the adult male! † He looked once more at the alien, stepped back, put the lamp on the tabular array, and took down his gun ( p 20 ) .† As you can see Jean Valjean was forced off practically at gunpoint. As Jean Valjean walks the streets of the town in hunt of a topographic point to eat and kip for the dark he runs into a adult female who points him in the way of the bishops house. When he gets to the bishop? s house he knocks on the door and when the bishop opens the door he comes right out and tells the bishop everything about his yesteryear. In malice of his history the bishops lets Jean Valjean in for dinner and a topographic point to kip for the dark. So as you can see ex-convicts had a really hard clip suiting back into society due to their history. It? s been 10 old ages and Jean Valjean? s adopted girl, Cosette, has grown to be a beautiful immature adult female. With this beauty of class comes a adult male who will desire to get married her. This adult male is Marius. When Marius marries Cosette Jean Valjean reveals his yesteryear to Marius. Marius? first reaction is to censor Jean Valjean from Cosette from now until his decease. But Marius sees how defeated Jean Valjean is and says that if he wants to see Cosette he must eat dinner with them every dark, and Marius would maintain his secret. Jean Valjean had hidden his yesteryear for a legion sum of old ages and being the honest adult male he is he revealed it to a individual really near to him. But Marius? reaction merely iterates that even a individual who was an ex-convict 10 old ages ago is still thought of as a threat. Hugo, Victor. Les Miserables. Fwcett Premier. 1961

Product Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Product Development - Essay Example Additionally, the company has relied on its perfect knowledge of the needs in the market, which have helped in the development of products aimed at fulfilling those particular needs. For this reason, the company’s suitcases are something that increases the experience of air travel. In the past, travelers have had to endure using suitcases and other bags that need to be tracked manually. This has seen many people lose their luggage while changing flights. Having this realization, Samsonite has developed a product that answers all these needs of clients in the market. Using their specially designed suitcases, the company offers high-quality goods that are highly secure with minimal costs. The fact that it has USB ports means that one can carry large volumes of data in the bag and fail to carry a laptop where it could cause security inconveniences in some airports. With an increase in the number of people using air transport in their daily travel, the company hopes to benefit fro m this trend, thus increasing its returns on investment. The firm seems to rely so much on technology as its key marketing capability. In this regard, the company hopes to use its online sites as effective platforms on which it can reach clients and sell their products. Currently, Manu explains that advancements in information and technology have made it easy for people to search for flight information and reach different destinations. In this regard, the social media has been very instrumental in the success of many online-based businesses.

The Influence of Marginalist Revolution in the Economy History Essay

The Influence of Marginalist Revolution in the Economy History - Essay Example (p. 14) As it was mentioned by one of the trendsetters of the movement, William Stanley Jevons: "The theory in question has in fact been independently discovered three or four times over and must be true" (cited in Hutchison, 1978). Let's name one more reason which would be grounded on the practical basis as developing of the viewing of the phenomenon of marginalist revolution provides us with an abundant source of theoretical assumptions which may be of great help while inciting up-to-date serves which are considered obscured or slighted by modern theory (Mirowski, 1988, p. 19). Moreover any uncertainty or confusion over the origins and results of marginalist revolution would give rise possible grave misunderstandings in its description and overviewing. Therefore, to try to explain the origin of the marginal utility revolution in the 1870's is doomed to failure: it was not a marginal utility revolution; it was not an abrupt change, but only a gradual transformation in which the old ideas were never definitively rejected; and it did not happen in the 1870s (Blaug, 1978, p. 322). Some authors challenge that there was any consolidated and deliberate movement. "In its stead, it portrays a haphazard and fragmented agglomeration of economic theorists, whose only common denominators were the twin notions of diminishing marginal utility and utility-determined prices"(Bowley 1973, p. 44). Moreover Bowley stated that none of the notions was especially new in the 1870s, we and may conclude that there was no interruption in the economic concepts of that time and the economic theory has realized one uninterrupted discipline from those time until nowadays (Bowley 1973, p. 49). Thus with the aim of proper investigation of the topic let's determine key fundamentals of marginalism. Briefly speaking it is the theory that determined economic value as a derivation from marginal utility and marginal cost which are considered to be basic marginal concepts. Through the prism of marginalism the most essential thing for the process of decision-making is "the marginal or last unit of consumption or production" (Hutchison, 1978, p. 91). For instance, one car is very helpful for everyday life. An additional car might become helpful if the first one is being repaired or for spares, but it is not as helpful as the first one. The third car has less utility than the previous two cars. Taking into consideration the price of cars, we may claim that many people are not inclined to own three cars as the benefit they are going to receive on the third automobile would be unlikely to go beyond the price (Verdon, 1996, p. 201). William Stanley Jevons from England, Carl Menger from Austria and Leon Walras from Switzerland singly formed the idea of marginal utility nearly in 1870. While discussing who of those three experts had taken the leading place in formulating the theory, Jevons' counterpart found a work of Prussian economist H. H. Gossen (Howey, 1960, p. 7). Gossen was considered as the initial author, and his work was restated using less mathematical methods in order to make it more comprehensible to the public. His relations between value in exchange and marginal utility

Analytical brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analytical brief - Essay Example Earth & Space Science professor and Quaternary Research Center director Eric Steig states that this is a fact and there is no theoretical basis that this is a natural cycle (p.5). Although there are different findings on this issue, a new study on these upswings associates with the rise of the temperature of the ocean surface. Scientists are still not in consensus on the possible cause of this issue. Heat waves will be more frequent and more intense as temperatures rise (Gore et al., An Inconvenient Truth). He presents a record of the temperature increase in correlation to the heat waves the globe experienced in the history. The data gathered prove that as the average increases, the extreme goes up as well. Global sea levels could rise by more than 20 feet (6 meters) with the loss of shelf ice in Greenland and Antarctica, devastating coastal areas worldwide (Gore et al., An Inconvenient Truth). Gore argues that the melting of Greenland and Antarctica, due to rise on CO2 level cause e xtreme flooding by 2050. Although scientists believe that if Greenland and glaciers in the Antarctic melt, this will cause an increase in the sea level which will cause the low-lying areas to submerge into water. But they have different estimates on when this would happen. Some say that if the temperature rises to 3C, which is 5.4F within the next 100 years, there is a big possibility that Gore’s claim may happen (Nielsen-Gammon 22). With all the claims mentioned and data presented, how does Gore intend to combat our devastating predicament? His main point is to lower energy consumption to decrease the greenhouse gas effect by the use of Electranet. This will replace our fuel-consuming engines found in cars, factory machines and the likes. Coming from an environmental activist point of view, this will definitely help reduce our greenhouse gases that are the main cause of global warming. However, apart from some inaccuracies in his claims, Gore also fails to

Why obesity a serious problem and how should we solve it Essay - 1

Why obesity a serious problem and how should we solve it - Essay Example To some extent, obesity has also contributed to the loss of work hours in the work places not to mention the billions of dollars used annually in managing those with obesity (EOPUS). Concerns have been raised over the contribution of fast food companies like McDonald in the development of obesity. They have been accused of giving adverts that do not contain warning signs as that of cigarette and that thus the contribution of fast food to the worsening human population in America is comparable to that of the cigarette, which was fiercely fought in America generation after generation (Kava, Gilbert, and Elizabeth, 34). Obesity is thus feared to be taking the lead as one of the health hazards in the US particularly among the children and if remained unchecked, the country will not only spend much of their resources in medication but will also lose a significant segment of their population (Washburn, 98). This paper has considered the following essays on obesity to assert the dangers associated with obesity. In the essay, Zinczenco starts by recounting in his own life experience about the separation of his parents that made him lead latchkey life. From school he did not have any option but to seek the services of the fast food stores; MacDonald, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, and Kentucky Fried Chicken. This kind of life he says made him develop obesity but thanks to his joining one of the Health Magazines that prompted in him the need to take precautionary measures in the type of food he eats. He enumerates the problems that come with obesity and the statistical report from the Center for Disease Control about the expenses incurred by the government in treating obesity related diseases. The writer also gives a substantial recount on the children who have filed a civil litigation about the companies that are dealing in fast food for contributing to their worsening health. He takes

Internal factor Evaluation on Michael Kors Company Essay

Internal factor Evaluation on Michael Kors Company - Essay Example Michael Kors Holdings Ltd has currently made the headlines in the best performing stocks in America, catching the attention of the financial analysts and the investors. In addition to its growing market share, the company has recorded high profits and a high stock price. This means that there are various things that the management of the company is doing right, which its competitors are missing. This paper will evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of Michael Kors’ company as part of its internal factor evaluation in relation to the above ratings. Strengths Michael Kors’ company, a highly profitable company, has high revenue turnover as a result of increased sales volume. According to (Caplinger web), the fashion designer company has increasingly invested in its trendy fashions targeting the high end markets, which have in the recent 10 years translated into high profits for the company. The profitability of the company has been translated into high stock prices that ha ve jumped up to 60% in the current financial year. In comparison to the competitors, the company’s profitability performance is exemplary. While other companies in the design industry such as the biggest rival coach are making profits, the company’s management has maintained a high profitability trend in the market. Michael Kors has taken the advantage of the fashionable conditions in most parts of the design market to maximize on its profitability levels. The high demand for fashion wear in the North market has made the company pitch tent in the area, strategically placing most of its retail chain shops. Strategically placing its operations in the high end markets with a high demand for the products, the company has tapped into the potential markets and drawn more customers into its shops. Sales from the region have been high as revealed in the company’s financial reports that indicate a higher performance in comparison to that of the industry. To maximize in i ts profits, market diversification and production of clothes, Michael Kors has invested $88.2 million to fund its operations. This has translated into high profits for the company, as the current results reveal. Increased investor confidence in the company has subsequently drawn more capital investment into the company. Profitability ratios of the company can attest to this trend, with the Pre-Tax Margin of 27.98, which is higher than that of the industry which is at 16.35 (Marder web). Financial ratios of the company indicate growth, high profits and increased market share by the company. The company has maintained a constant growth trend in the past 10 years. Recently after going public, the company’s has been tremendous. Against the average sales of the industry, the company has registered incredible growth rates in its recent financial statements. While the industry’s total sales were at 15.5%, the company registered sales of up to 70.4% in growth (Caplinger web). Michael Kors Company has a wide market share in terms of its customer base. The increasing growth of the company’

Isolation and identification of unknown bacteria Lab Report

Isolation and identification of unknown bacteria - Lab Report Example We used standardized procedures in the process of cultivation of bacetia. We received pure culture of unknown organism. Using Bunsen burner the loop was sterilized by heating the entire wire into the flame of the burner until it glows with bright red or orange color and afterwards the loop was left to cool. The culture of uknown bacteria was held in inoculation tube in a form of liquid culture and the inoulation tube was sealed with sterile cap.. We maintained aseptic conditions during the handling of the culture. During the whole process the caps and the tubes were held in hand were not allowed to be contaminated by contacting the table or other source of environmental bacteria. The openings of the inoculation tube was sterilized by burning with the Bunsen burner twice in order to avoid contamination with environmental bacteria. With the cooled loop, carfully not to touch the sides of the tube we collected one loop of material and after that the edges of the tube were again burned with flame from the Bunsen burner and the caps were put . The loop was then inoculated on two separate TSA plates. The lid of the plates was opened with free hand and the material was seeded with gentle strokes of the loop using T streak method in order to allow optimal contidions for growth. The lid was then put back on the plates and the loop was again sterilized by burning until glowing bright red on the Bunsen burner. ... erilized by heating the entire wire into the flame of the burner until it glows with bright red or orange color and afterwards the loop was left to cool. The culture of uknown bacteria was held in inoculation tube in a form of liquid culture and the inoulation tube was sealed with sterile cap.. We maintained aseptic conditions during the handling of the culture. During the whole process the caps and the tubes were held in hand were not allowed to be contaminated by contacting the table or other source of environmental bacteria. The openings of the inoculation tube was sterilized by burning with the Bunsen burner twice in order to avoid contamination with environmental bacteria. With the cooled loop, carfully not to touch the sides of the tube we collected one loop of material and after that the edges of the tube were again burned with flame from the Bunsen burner and the caps were put . The loop was then inoculated on two separate TSA plates. The lid of the plates was opened with fre e hand and the material was seeded with gentle strokes of the loop using T streak method in order to allow optimal contidions for growth. The lid was then put back on the plates and the loop was again sterilized by burning until glowing bright red on the Bunsen burner. Gram stain For completing the Gram stain we needed Gram stain reagents (crystal violet, Gram's iodine, 95% ethyl alcohol, and safranin), microscope slides and bacterial cultures. In preparation of the Gram stain asepttci principles were used. Inocultion loop was sterilized by burning on a Bunsen burner until bright red color appeared. Five loop of the unknown colony were placed on a microscope slide and the material was sread even on the surface of the slide. The material was left to air-dry and room temperature. After this

Goal Seek and Solver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Goal Seek and Solver - Essay Example The miles per hour are constant, and Excel is goal seeking to determine the number of miles traveled. A data table is a collection of cells that display how changing certain value in worksheet formulas affects the result of those applied formulas. Data tables provide a shortcut for calculating multiple versions in one operation, and a way to view and compare the results of all of the different variations together on one's worksheet. Using the bicycle example again, one could create a table that summarizes the number of miles traveled at different speeds and different elapsed minutes traveled. Excel can save a set of values and substitute them automatically in a worksheet to allow one to forecast the outcome of a worksheet model. One can create and save different scenarios on a worksheet, and then switch to any of these scenarios to view different results. For the bicycle example, one could switch between two or more different number of miles traveled using combinations of different speeds and elapsed minutes traveled. Using solver, one can find an optimal value for a formula in a target worksheet cell. Solver works with a group of cells related to a target cell's formula (Paul 2005, p. xix). Solver changes the values of adjustable cells to produce the desired results one specifies in the target cell formula. One can also apply upper, lower, and exact constraints to restrict the values Solver can choose from to adjust the cells. Using the bicycle example again, one could determine the least and greatest possible number of miles traveled at a given speed and distance. Here's a summary of when one would use each of these tools: Use Goal seeker when one wants to find the correct single input value to achieve the desired single output value. Use Solver to find the best solution to problems that revolve around the manipulation of several changing cells, variables, and constraints (Paul 2005, p. xx). The productivity of electricity is causing profit deterioration. Is electricity being wasted Or is it due to a change in manufacturing process Is it possible to cut down the electric consumption without affecting the production If so, what should be the electricity consumption for it not to affect profitability negatively The answers to some of these questions can be determined by using the "Goal Seeker" and the "Solver" features of Excel. Goal Seeker and Solver features are found in the Tools means of Microsoft Excel. Goal Seeker is the opposite of What-if analysis. Using Goal seeker, we begin with the target value in a dependent cell and determine the correspondent value in the independent cell upon which the target cell is dependent. Goal seeker and solver can change independent cell values, but only Solver can change a range of cells and accept constraints, making it a powerful feature. It can also be used to solve complex optimization problem such as linear programming and integer programming problems. Following is a description of finding answers to some of the questions above: What should be the electricity consumption for it not to affect profitability negatively As shown in figure 2, the company is losing $748 because it is currently using 48,000 kWh of electricity. To reduce this loss to zero, go to Tools menu and choose Goal Seeker, and set cell Q15 (profitability of total energy) to zero, by changing

Understanding Partnership Working Essay Example for Free

Understanding Partnership Working Essay There are many advantages to partnership working. The main advantage being, that when all partnerships work together it enables the service user to have a better quality of life and sustain authority and freedom over their own lives. Good Partnership working between individuals and health and social care providers will encourage compliance with care as well as promote a positive outlook with a service which people participate in rather than simply receive. Each Health and Social Care provider will have their own expertise in their own line of work. They will also have their own unique relationship with the individual, here are just some for example? The Carer that provide the service user with support with personal care, social visits, making meals and everyday living. The Managers of the carers, that put together care plans, rotas, risk assessments and keep all carers updated on the service user’s needs and most importantly manages the team of carers to make sure there job role is being adhered to. The Social Worker that will ensure that the person in question is safe guarded and supported, they will liaise with the service users families and support with the commencement of care companies for supported living, support with financial needs, living allowances, bills and housing. The Advocate that arranges activities, day centres and liaises with all the service providers, the advocate is solely there to make sure all partnerships are following procedures and looking after the service user’s needs adequately The Family and Friends that will often know an individual’s particular way of communicating their preferences and the best approach to use. Sharing their knowledge, history and understanding of what needs to be in place helps to ensure the best possible care. Working with the professionals as equal partners will lead to tailored person-centred support that will meet the persons needs more effectively. Ultimately when all of these partnerships cooperate and work together great things can be achieved, mutually beneficial relationships will improve the quality of care. All partners involved are in effect â€Å"reading from the same sheet†. Not only is it effective and Informative for all parties involved, but by swapping key  information in each partnership’s experiences with the service user makes for better understanding and equips all parties with the nesseceary tools to be able to provide to right help and support. Establish and maintaining working relationships with colleagues My Own experience of Partnership working is based on my position as a home care support worker. I have been visiting a Lady for a little over a year and I have a close working relationship with my fellow colleagues, my line managers, the ladies family, the social worker, the occupational therapist, the advocate and most of her health care providers including the ladies doctor, optician and dentist. It is my Responsibility as a home care support worker to behave with integrity and strive to establish and maintain the trust and confidence of my service user. I am to promote her independence whilst seeking to ensure that she does not harm herself or others. It is my responsibility to document and record all information deemed relevant to ensuring the safety of my service user. It is within my role to help with Meals, finances, social visits, shopping and emotional support. My contribution to the partnership working surrounding this individual is my understanding and documenting of my service user’s activities, physical needs and emotional needs, whilst the other health and social care team contribute in lots of other ways. I appreciate their professional experience and years of working with my service user, I find their knowledge invaluable and educational which helps me have a better understanding and provide better care, alternatively they gain knowledge on her day to day needs and any fluctuations in behaviour and physical needs. On several occasions all of the service user’s care providers and immediate family will have a meeting. This is to discuss any concerns the service user and care providers may have and to discuss the outcome of new changes from the last meeting. Care providers will also discuss any new idea’s they feel will help to promote a more comfortable living for the service user but ultimately all issues can be addressed and dealt with by being delegated to the appropriate care provider. As a homecare support worker I do not work with colleagues on a day to day basis very often but it is still very much my responsibility to report and communicate effectively with my colleagues to help them and my service user. The more information they have the better equipped they are to deal with any problems that may arrive. I am able to deal constructively with any  conflict that may arise with colleagues, one example of this is; recently it was discussed by my service user’s family and other care providers that the service user had been putting on some weight. This had an effect on her care as her regular carer’s could no longer push her around in her wheel chair due to the increase in weight and difficulty accessing the community, this in turn had an effect on her emotional needs has the service user was having different carer’s that were not familiar with her needs. The service user has difficulty understanding diet and nutritional need’s so it is up to the carer’s to provide a more balanced diet. A new diet plan was put into place. As the service user still wanted to have the old diet plan it was agreed it would be joint effort in encouraging and showing the service user a better way to eat or coming up with healthier alternatives for the foods she didn’t want to go without. But some of the carer’s did not want to participate and we’re stuck in old habits and this became very confusing for the service user as certain carer’s we’re making certain meals. After looking at her f ood diary I brought it to my line managers attention, who has access to all carer’s that attend this service user and it was reiterated back to them the importance of team work and the responsibility of all to maintain a healthy and balanced diet and that it is in the best interest for the service user and her health and wellbeing. Establish and Maintain Working Relationships with other professionals My role and responsibility when working with professionals is to respect their individual skill set and knowledge and communicate effectively with them in the interest of the service user. All professionals and health care providers will ultimately have the service user’s best interest at heart and will have their own ideals on promoting the welfare of the service user. Together it is our Role to identify and challenge any difficulties the service user may face in day to day living, negotiate and organise skills that enable good team work and deal with difficult situations and manage conflict in a professional and open minded way. Having been present at a meeting with all care providers I found it helped to listen and observe the skills and understanding that each professional brought to the table. I could really understand where they were coming from, seeing things from a different prospective helped me in my role and improved my knowledge and education. Building Relationships with a strong bond and trust will help develop great effective working with other  professionals. To listen to each other, respect each other and consider the interests of all partnerships will help with cooperation and collaboration. Each Partnership will have their own protocols to follow it is imperative that from the start all partnerships share information on policies and procedures, available resources, service users’ needs and standard levels. The better equipped with knowledge each partnership is, the more tools each care provider will have access to. Agreeing common objectives when working with professionals and within the boundaries of my own role and responsibility involves the effective organising of each partners specialist skills. All objectives need to be agreed in an inclusive and specific way. The careful processing and clarifying of the objectives will help for a successful outcome. Goal objectives should address the five Ws†¦ who, what, when, where, and why. The goal needs to specify what needs to be done with a timeframe for completion. Goal objectives should include numeric or descriptive measures that define quantity, quality, cost, etc. How will partners know when the goal has been successfully met? Is the goal achievable with the available resources? Is the goal achievable within the timeframe originally outlined? Why is the goal important? Goal objectives should identify a definite target date for completion and/or frequencies for specific action steps that are important for achieving the goal. By when should this goal be accomplished? Incorporate specific dates, calendar milestones, or timeframes that are relative to the achievement of another result. Once objectives are agreed it is crucial that all professionals address how their partnership actions will be measured and specifically how information on those actions will be collected and organised. Appropriate governance structures need to cover issues such as: Management of risk and the audit of accidents and incidents, professional regulation and accountability, supervision and performance appraisal, complaints and compliments and the organisation of learning and continuing of professional development, These evaluations should help keep professionals focused on the outcomes of their joint actions. With Partnership working every Care provider may have their own ideals on what they think is best for the individual, they will have their own interests related to their job position and requirements that they have to for fill in the line of work they are in. There may be conflicting interests on how best to get things done. But  professional diversity can be a partnerships greatest strength. The difference between a good working relationship and bad working relationship is the understanding of control and influence. In an honest and trusting partnership relationship no professional will have full control even if they have the authority to exercise more power than others. Being able to put your point across and enable people to understand your reasoning, objectives and opinion will have a lot more influence than trying to force your way of thinking. It is very important that all parties agree priorities, express their different values, delegate roles and try to listen and understand each other the best they can. Lack of planning and communication will cause the breakdown of the effective partnership working. Be able to work with Partnerships and Others There are many different types of partnerships, and many different reasons that you might want to develop them. Some partners will help you generate ideas and provide knowledge and advise, Some care providers may spend more time with the person on a day to day basis, some will have years of knowledge on the individual but on a more spaced out time scale and others will have years of training and expertise in their profession. But it is key that everybody respects and acknowledges all the individual partnerships input and take note of all their concerns and intentions ending with mutual and clear objective for all. Not all service users will want to have an active role in the care they receive, in order for service users to be more involved with their care services, users need to have more understanding and be confident in making decisions for themselves. Advocates and other similar roles are there to help a user become all those things but this can take time because they need to build up trust and a solid relationships. Development procedures for effective working have been put in place, The Government introduced the new ‘Outcomes Framework for Adult Social Services (Department of Health 2011)’ which involve; Enhancing quality of life for people with care and support needs D elaying and reducing the need for care and support Ensuring that people have a positive experience of care and support Safeguarding people whose circumstances make them vulnerable and protecting  them from Avoidable harm.  Whilst working in partnership you must agree common objectives when working with others within the boundaries of your own roles and responsibilities, partnerships should share information on policies and procedures, available resources, agreed boundaries, accountability in respect to commissioning, purchasing and providing, identify agreed staff, times, finances, agreeing leadership, providing specific training and development needs. The procedures put in place for working with others means all partnerships are well-equipped to strategically plan and monitor the service user’s level of care in all aspects of their life. It makes partners accountable for their decisions own responsibilities and makes room for adjustments and improvement. By tackling any issues and problems and evaluating the outcome to identify what new measures need to be put in place and what plans have worked. To deal constructively with any conflict that may arise with others you must be willing to look closer at yourself, what is it I don’t know yet? The more you listen, the more you will understand, take on conflict situations with an intention to understand more of what’s going on. You must make a distinction between the problem and care provider’s views, you should be straight forward and concrete in your communication and develop your ability to look at an issue from the outside. Sharing your differences honestly, openly and none defensive will enable for positive solutions.

My Growth As A Writer Essay Example for Free

My Growth As A Writer Essay Writing has seemed to be a difficult process for me over the years. This is why it was my choice to enroll myself in creative writing classes over the last 6 years. The most difficult process for me in writing is generating ideas. You can learn to use proper structures for sentences but sadly creativity is something you can learn. In my play, The Doctor and the Patient, I displayed my best writing, and it gives a good example of what I have learned in this class. â€Å"THE PATIENT: Look,  man—we’re all different. Each individual can’t be typed into a group. All minds—souls, even— are different. But we all have something in common: we’re human. And it’s beautiful. † Is an allegory, often used in poetry. Due to the depressed nature of the patient, he finds something that can bring light into his world. Though he is stubborn, and rejects medicating and therapy sessions, he finds a false sense of security. My style of writing is usually freeform, in my spare time I usually write  post-apocalyptic situations, dark comedy, or serious. I have grown majorly at imagery and developing characters and dialogue. The tone of my writing is usually mellow, and flows rather quickly. And I have learned to construct a story arc that does not change too erratically. Future goals of mine would to get a few of my works published in a few small newsletters. Overall, I think my writing has improved drastically, I have learned how to style many different types of stories and writings.

Anti Jerk Control Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Engineering Essay

Anti Jerk Control Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Engineering Essay This interim report consists of three chapters explaining the initial study and research into anti jerk control of hybrid electric vehicles. This project aims at electrification of anti-jerk control in hybrid vehicles by using the hybrid vehicle electric motor to damp these oscillations and to analyze its effect on fuel consumption, comfort and sportiness of the vehicle and then to compare the results with fuelling only method. This project will also include studying the impact of passive damping with DMF in these vehicles. As a part of this project, a model of a hybrid diesel engine driveline with DMF will be developed using Simulation X and an active feedback control for an electric motor will be designed to permit active damping of these oscillations. The results obtained from simulating the drivelines modeled using Simulation X will be observed for driveline vibrations with respect to the frequency range and also the range in which the jerking frequencies affect the passengers inside the vehicle so as to concentrate on it specifically leading to maximum reduction in jerking of driveline. The models so developed will then subjected to design modifications and investigation in accordance with the control strategies developed and affect of the same will be observed on all the drive train models with level of jerk control achieved. Finally Suggestions will be made on effect of electric motor on hybrid drive train in damping the driveline oscillations, fuel consumption and sportiness of the vehicle also comparing it with the conventional drive train models. Introduction In the age of technology where everyone is concentrating on improving the products by bringing in sophisticated technologies from cars to airplanes, we as human beings neglected the environment factor over the years. 20th century was called an industrial age and much technological advancement have been made in this era which revolutionized the whole world. One of the industries which is closely related to connect our daily life are automobiles. Automobiles have grown rapidly over the years with stiff competition among automotive manufacturers across the world. As the time passed by people become more demanding with their interests widening the automotive market and also the fact that automotive majors started delivering those demands. These technological improvements along with human comfort factors all of us forgot about the effect on environment. The number of vehicles on roads grew exponentially and consumption figures of petrol and diesel across the world increased drastically sending out alarm bells to search for alternate fuel technologies as the conventional petrol diesel were not only running out from their existence but also affecting the environment leading to considerable amount of CO2 emissions and further contributing to global warming. This future problem opened up opportunities for research in alternative fuel technologies leading to the development of Hybrid vehicles, Fuel cell technologies Hydrogen fuelled cars. Few of the alternate fuel vehicles are Toyota Prius hybrid, Honda Civic hybrid, Honda Insight etc which have received good response in the market in terms of performance as well as in reducing CO2 emissions and have successfully proved their presence in the market with their selling volumes and fuel savings. On a smaller level, these developments lead to further research in areas like DC/AC motors, fuel cells, battery pack technology, advanced controller design, power optimization and new concepts which can be used as alternate fuels. Problem Definition Commonly in every engine driven system issue of noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) comes along with it. Automotive manufacturers have always tried to maintain healthy comfort to performance ratio so as to attain maximum customer satisfaction. With respect to comfort of driving, the manufacturers main aims are to provide vibration free driving pleasure as much as possible and the same applied to hybrid electric vehicles. One such area of concern in drive line jerking which affects the overall drivability. Jerking is a kind of driveline oscillations which occurs due to excitation caused by sudden or huge variation in engine torque or driveline load. These excitations cause because of torsional vibration of drive train at high engine torques leading to unwanted longitudinal oscillations of passenger compartment which reduces the riding comfort and drivability. These oscillations have tendency to occur at low engine speeds which are experienced as unpleasant jerking effect by the drive r. Due to the fact diesel engines produce high torque at low engine speeds, makes these engines more prone to this problem. The area of concentration under this case is vibration frequencies ranging between 2- 10 Hz as human body is sensitive towards this frequency range causing unpleasant driving experience. These driveline oscillations majorly occur during tip in and tip out conditions. In conventional diesel engine vehicles methods like active control of fuel injection into engine and passive element such as dual mass flywheel are used to permit feed forward active as well as passive damping of these unpleasant oscillations in idle, tip-in/tip out and coast conditions. To achieve minimal amount of driveline oscillations, vehicle manufacturers have to compromise between comfort and performance of the vehicle. In diesel hybrids, the jerking can be controlled by varying fuel injection and electric motor torque control and also passively by an additional dual mass flywheel (DMF). Aims Objectives The aims and objectives of this project are: To develop a model with three different configurations of powertrain using Simulation X those are: Conventional diesel engine, Conventional diesel engine with DMF and finally hybrid power train with DMF. To study the effects of jerk in each individual power train configuration before developing the control strategy for anti jerk control. To electrify the anti jerk control in hybrid vehicles by using Crankshaft integrated stator/generator to damp the oscillations. To analyze the effect on fuel consumption, comfort and sportiness of the vehicle. To compare the results with conventional fuel control method. Literature Review Hybrid Electric Vehicles Hybrid Electric Vehicle is the one which uses two or more sources of energy to propel the vehicle which consists of an internal combustion engine and electric motor power by batteries. Hybrid vehicles are of various types such as series hybrid, parallel hybrid and combination of series parallel and based on their hybridization factor they are categorized into micro, mild and full hybrids. Figure 1, below shows the typical power split type power train. Generally, hybrid power trains are costly to build due to its complexity but the costs are paid off against the running costs due to improved fuel efficiency. Regenerative braking plays an important role in conserving energy by charging the battery pack. Figure : Showing a Power Split Hybrid Powertrain Types of Hybrid vehicles based on drive train structure Parallel Hybrid In parallel hybrid vehicles, there are two parallel ways for transmitting power to the wheels of the vehicle; those are by engine and by electric drive, as shown in below figure 2. The transmission is coupled with the motor/generator and the engine, allowing either, or both, to power the wheels. Control architecture of parallel hybrid vehicles is more complex compared to a series hybrid due to the requirement of efficient coupling of the motor/generator and engine so as to maintain optimum drivability and performance. Figure : Parallel Hybrid Powertrain Operating modes available in parallel hybrid vehicles are: Engine only traction Electric only traction Hybrid traction Regenerative braking Series Hybrid In series hybrid there is only one way for transmitting power to the wheels of the vehicle, but consists two energy sources. As shown in figure 3, the conventional engine is coupled to a generator for charging the battery pack which provides electrical energy to a motor/generator to power the wheels via transmission. The motor/generator can also be used for recharging the battery during braking and deceleration. Figure : Series Hybrid Power train Operating modes available in series hybrid vehicles are: Electric only traction Electric traction battery charging Battery charging and no traction Regenerative braking Series-Parallel (combined) Hybrid electric vehicles A Series-Parallel (combined) hybrid vehicle has both the aspects Series and Parallel energy transfer paths. As shown in figure 5, a system consisting of motors and/or generators consisting of a gearing or power split device allows the engine to recharge the battery. Changes in this power train configuration can range from simple to very complex type depending on the number of motors /generators and their working terminology. These configurations can be called as Complex hybrids (such as the Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrids), Split-Parallel hybrids, or Power-Split hybrids. Figure : Series-Parallel (Combined) Hybrid Power train Driveline Jerking Driveline jerking also called as driveline oscillations can occur due to many different factors such as load changes, gear shifting and also the condition of the road. In recent times, direct injection diesel engines with extensive refinement of components and significant weight reduction in driveline lead to the problem of driveline jerking. Also with advancement in diesel engine technology over the years, output torque of these diesel engines has risen tremendously for passenger cars effecting the comfort and drivability. The problem with high engine torque is, it causes torsion of driveline due to the gear ratios of the final drive causing the torsion at drive shafts which in turn causes whole power train to oscillate with combined effect of vehicle jerking. Figure 5, shown below show the measurements on a test car caused by tip in behavior in which driver suddenly steps on the throttle combined with high torque gradient and tip out condition, the back out maneuver. Figure : Engine torque and engine speed for tip in and tip out maneuvers. Though the oscillations caused by engine speed are somewhat absorbed by engine mounts but the oscillations due to wheel speed is responsible for horizontal vibrations of the vehicles longitudinal acceleration affecting the performance of the vehicle which is experienced directly by passengers. To restrain these oscillations affecting the comfort and drivabilityfor the passengers, damping of these driveline oscillations is necessary which is referred to as Anti Jerk Control. The oscillations leading to power train jerking in conventional power train can be categorized by the Eigen frequencies of following driveline components: Torsion of shafts causes pitching and jerking due to suspension system, mass of the vehicle and damping. The range of frequency for this cause lies between 2 5 Hz. Also, we know that the natural frequency of the vehicle with respect to pitch motion is lies between 1 2.5 Hz. The frequency of oscillations caused by engine movement and mounts lies in the range of 15 200 Hz. The vibration due to gearbox assembly lies in the frequency range of 50-80 Hz. There are oscillation depending upon the type of engine, no. of cylinders, engine speed and also the combustion process shown in below figure Table : showcasing different engine types and their Eigen frequencies Engine Type Multiples of Eigen Frequency 4-Cylinder ,R4, 4-Stroke 2,4,6,8,10 6-Cylinder,R4, 4-stroke 3,6,9 6-Cylinder,V60,4-Stroke 1,5, 3, 4,5, 6, 7,5, 9 6-Cylinder,V90,4-Stroke 1,5, 3, 4,5, 7,5, 9 12-Cylinder, V60, 4-Stroke 6,12 From the above categorization of the components and their respective Eigen frequencies, the main aim is to narrow down on the components leading to vibrations which are felt by passengers majorly and to minimize the level of vibrations by designing model based predictive control strategy while retaining the performance of the vehicle as much as possible. Hybrid Vehicle Design The power train which has been considered for testing the jerking behavior and the anti jerk control strategy to be designed is shown in the below figure 6. This power train is one of the possible hybrid vehicle architecture consisting of I.C engine, CISG (Crankshaft Integrated Starter/ Generator), Dual Mass Flywheel (DMF), Clutch, Gearbox assembly , High voltage battery pack and power electronics. Figure : Hybrid Vehicle architecture In operation, at lower rpm the vehicle acts as pure electric vehicle powered by the on board battery pack and at higher rpm, both electric drive and I.C engine together produce required power by the vehicle. The percentage of power transmission sharing to propel the vehicle plays an important role in determining fuel efficiency. Design Considerations The components and factors which play important role in hybrid electric vehicle design shown in figure 6 are: Engine design and selection: The I.C engine as in conventional power train plays an important role in hybrid vehicles. Generally, engines designed for hybrid vehicles are smaller in size compared to conventional vehicles. Though the design selection of the engine is completely based on the power requirements of the vehicle. Crankshaft integrated starter/generator (CISG): The starter/generator is device which is controlled electronically. It combines both the functions of a conventional starter and generator into a one single unit. The motive of single CISG unit is replacing the starter as a single entity which is passive in nature; need to replace the old fashioned belt and pulley type connection between the alternator the engine. Also to replace the modern day rotor wound alternators with slip rings and brushes. The integrated starter/generator works as a bi-directional device which converts electrical energy to mechanical work and vice versa. As a electric motor, it assists in starting the I.C engine without any noise and also much quicker than conventional starter. As a generator it produces power required for electrical components of the vehicle and is also used to charge the batteries. Commonly integrated starter/generator is placed between engine and gearbox assembly. The main operating features of ISG are it enables stat/stop, onboard power generation and acts as power assist when required. Figure : Integrated Starter / Generator. Dual Mass Flywheel (DMF): Dual mass flywheel consists of two flywheels connected by long arc travel springs located between I.C engine and clutch or transmission. The first DMF was introduced for the automotive industry in 1985. At that time non lubricated dampers were used consisting of heavy springs which were problematic. Then there was breakthrough in the DMF technology and arc spring type dampers was introduced in 1989 solving almost all the problems which were caused by DMF earlier. Due to the high cost of this product not everyone was interested but was used in large vehicles. Though DMF is a passive driveline element, it has been proven that DMF reduces torsional vibrations to certain extent and plays an important role in anti jerk control of hybrid vehicles also. The operating performance of DMF can be characterized by the spring rate and its damping characteristics. The dual mass flywheel consists of following important characteristics: Primary and secondary inertias. The torsion damper rate. And the damping characteristic. Advantages of using DMF in conventional power train are: Segregation of torsional vibrations: we know that, torsional vibrations are caused by torque fluctuations. A vehicle is a kind of vibrating system with all the components like engine, transmission, drive shafts etc all contributing to the cause. Below figure 8, shows the simple driveline model so as to observe vibration behaviour. In this case engine and transmission are supposed as rotating inertia connected by springs. The spring C2 represents the spring damper characteristics and spring C3 showing the stiffness of the drive train. Figure : Drive train with vibration modes. Figure 9 shown below depicts the fluctuations in vehicle speed and in this case damped resonance occurs at around 1700 rpm. The main aim of DMF is to sideline the vibrations occurring from the engine as far as possible from the rest of the driveline components. Also the figure compares the difference between the extents of vibrations in a conventional drive train compared to one fitted with dual mass flywheel. Dual mass flywheel efficiently reduces the engine vibrations and reduces gear rattle, helps in saving the fuel consumption and also improves driving comfort. Figure : Comparison of vibration damping in a conventional drive train to the one with DMF Transmission assistance: As DMF is said to reduce the engine vibrations, it has positive effect on the transmission system as the stress induced will be significantly less compared to a compared drive line increasing the transmission efficiency and cycle life. Crank shaft assistance: In a conventional power train, we know that flywheel and clutch are connected to engine crankshaft rigidly and due to the inertia of the flywheel high reaction forces are developed on the crankshaft. But in case of DMF, the secondary flywheel can be neglected for bending load case as it connected loosely to the primary flywheel by torsional damper and roller bearings which practically dont allow high transferable reactive forces. The primary flywheel is significantly lighter in weight, more elastic in nature compared to conventional flywheel. Battery pack design and selection: The main criteria in battery design and selection depend upon the capacity, the output characteristics based on type of battery pack to be used, cycle life, cost, scope of reusability and whether recyclable on not. The size and weight of the battery pack depends on the capacity requirement. If capacity is high, more will be size and weight of the battery pack. In fact, battery pack design plays a very important role as the performance of the vehicle is dependent on the overall weight of the vehicle. In case battery pack is heavier, this would have direct impact on the power consumed to propel the vehicle which is set to rise with increase in battery weight and will also reduce the operating range of the vehicle. Figure : Typical Battery pack arrangement Electric Motor: Generally AC, DC and PMDC electric motors are used in hybrid vehicle depending upon the requirement and usage. In automotive industry, certain motor specifications are not acceptable due to their inability to meet the specific requirements such as power rating at peak load conditions, continuous power supply, volumetric power density, cost, efficiency, weight, lifetime, level of protection against water and dust. Gear box assembly: In hybrid vehicles, mostly a power splitter device is used which is consists of planetary gear set allowing power flow from two power generating sources to propel the vehicle. The I.C engine is generally connected to Sun gear while electric motor is connected to the planet gear. Clutch: It is found in every vehicle with manual gearbox. Though the use of clutch varies from one hybrid drive train to another depending the gearbox being used as most of the hybrid power trains use automatic transmission which dont require clutch. The main purpose of clutch is to assist the vehicle starting off from stand still position as it compensates for the speed difference between engine and the driveline and slips on to synchronize both. Clutch also used to engage and disengages engine from the transmission while gear shifting takes place. Modelling Approach Procedure of work Power train jerking in hybrid vehicles is majorly due to engine electric motor torque changes during tip in and tips out operations. For investigating the problem of jerking for a hybrid vehicle, certain steps have been laid out for modeling the power train in five different steps which are in below figure 9 to observe and analyze each case individually with root cause: Figure : Modelling Procedure Basic Driveline Equations Engine: The engine output torque is expressed by the driving torque (Te) generated from combustion , friction torque (Tfric,e) and the external load from clutch (Tc) .By Newtons second law of motion, we can achieve the following model: Where Je is the mass of inertia of the engine, is the crank angular acceleration. Clutch: Generally a friction type clutch is installed in vehicles with manual transmission connecting to the engine flywheel and input shaft of the transmission. During clutch engagement if we assume no internal friction, Tc = Tt can be obtained. Then the torque transmitted is function of angular difference (ÃŽÂ ±cs ÃŽÂ ±c) and angular velocity difference ( ) resulting in: Figure : vehicle driveline with corresponding angle and torque labels. Transmission: A transmission consists of a gear set each with a different operating ratio it leading to relation between input and output torque Where Tp is the transmission output and Tfric is the internal friction torque of the transmission. Propeller shaft: The shaft which connects the transmissions output to the final drive unit in which no friction is assumed which gives us Tp = Tf , resulting in model for torque input to final drive Final Drive: final drive can be considered as a final ratio if as for the transmission leading to input and output torque relation Drive Shafts: The shafts which connect wheels to the final drive are called drive shafts. It can be assumed that both the wheels are rotating at same speed ( ). Ignoring the vehicle dynamics, the wheel speed shall be equal to speed of vehicle bodys centre of gravity. Therefore, drive shafts can be modelled as one shaft. Wheels: The forces acting on a vehicle with mass (m) and velocity (v) the longitudinal forces (FL)acting on the vehicle gives Rolling resistance (Rr) = f*m*g and Aerodynamic drag (Ra) =1/2*Af*Cd*à Ã‚ *V2. Where, m=mass of the vehicle, g=gravity constant, f=0.015(co-efficient of rolling resistance), Rr=rolling resistance, Ra=aerodynamic drag, Af=cross sectional area, Cd=coefficient of drag, density (à Ã‚ ), V=velocity. The drive line model can be expressed as a system consisting of rotating lumped inertias, compliances, damping losses, input torque and loads acting due to environmental resistive forces. A simple 2 degree of freedom model (fig 10) is sufficient to show the first torsional mode of vibrations which lead to jerking of vehicle. Figure : Free body diagram of a conventional driveline Where, Teng = engine torque, road load = Tload , e = engine speed, v = vehicle speed, Je = mass moment of inertia, be = viscous friction, r = final drive ratio, Ks CS = drive shafts flexibility, Cw = damper, vehicle inertia = Jv. Hybrid Power train Model As discussed earlier in report, the hybrid power train consists of additional components compared to conventional type which include electric motor, batteries, power electronics which form together the electric drive unit of the vehicle. Engine: Engine in hybrid power train plays a very important role in terms of fuel savings and vehicle assist. An engine model to be used for hybrid power train must be considered for following issues: The engine model must produce desired torque output irrespective of operating conditions. The engines dynamic behaviour leading to torque fluctuations generates drive line vibrations which in turn affects the driver comfort. As engine is not quick enough to respond to control actions implemented externally, the response delay can have significant affect on the vehicles performance. Engine can be modeled in many different ways depending upon the level of complexity required and the availability of parameters which can later be used for validating the inputs. The basic equation of engine model has been already discussed earlier which can be applied for the hybrid power train model also. Electric Motor/ Controller: The electric traction motor and controller consume the power from the onboard energy storage device like battery to provide the power source so as to generate the required torque for vehicle propulsion. The electric motor can also be used as starter/alternator or as a generator to recover energy during braking which can be used to charge batteries. The traction motor model can be described by following equations: Where idr , iqr are d,q axis rotor current respectively; ids ,iqs are d, q axis primary current respectively; Lm, is mutual inductance; Lr , LJ are resolved rotor, stator inductance respectively; P are poles; Rr, Rs are resolved rotor, stator resistance respectively, ohms; Vds Vqs are d, q axis primary voltage respectively, V; ÃŽÂ »dr and ÃŽÂ »qr are d, q axis rotor equivalent flux respectively, V-sec; ÃŽÂ »ds and ÃŽÂ »qs are d,q axis stator equivalent flux respectively, V-sec; à Ã¢â‚¬ °e is synchronous frequency, rps ; à Ã¢â‚¬ °r is rotor frequency, rps; , is rotor acceleration, rps2; Ts is electric motor torque, Nm. The limiting torque of the motor can be expressed by: Where à Ã¢â‚¬ °b, is motor base speed, rpm; à Ã¢â‚¬ °m is mechanical motor speed, rpm; Prated is the rater motor power, hp; Trated is the rated motor torque, Nm; Tm is mechanical motor torque, Nm. In addition to this, equations of motion for DC electric machine are: Where is the torque output of the machine proportional to the armature current, e is the back emf of the machine is proportional to the velocity of the rotor Drive Shaft: The drive shaft plays very important role in the drive train for transmitting the torque and rotation. They are subjected high torsion and shear stresses and therefore must have must have high stiffness. Below shown in the drive modelled using lumped inertias and their corresponding basic equations TDS =KDS (ÃŽÂ ¸T ÃŽÂ ¸W) + CDS (T W) Wheels: The forces acting on a vehicle with mass (m) and velocity (v) the longitudinal forces (Fe)acting on the vehicle gives Stationary model of the vehicle assuming all forces act through the centre of gravity and only in longitudinal direction. Gears: Assuming no losses in transmission the basic equation for gearing is But in reality there are viscous losses, sealing bearings drag contact friction. Losses vary with gear change but can be modelled as a loss torque tl acting on the transmission input shaft there can be shown as: Capacitor: It is device which stores energy an can be modelled by current equation Battery: Batteries are characterized by energy density, C-rating, cycle life, thermal run away and variations in temperature. Table below shows the comparison among different types of batteries with their technical specifications available in the market for HEV applications Property Lead Acid NiMH Lithium Cell Voltage Volts 2 1.2 3.6 Energy Density WH/Kg 30-40 50-80 100-200 Power Density W/Kg 100-200 100-500 500-8000 Maximum Discharge Rate 6 -10C 15C 100C Useful Capacity DOD% 50 50-80 80 Charge Efficiency % 60-80 70-90 ~100 Self Discharge %/Month 3-4 30 2-10 Temperature Range  °C -40 +60 -30 +60 -40 +60 Cycle Life Cycles 600-900 >1000 >2000 Micro-cycle Tolerant Deteriorates Yes Yes Robust (Over/Under Voltage) Yes Yes Needs BMS Cost per kWH  £100  £170  £150 Target A basic battery model might include an open circuit voltage and internal resistance Rc and Rd SOC Calculation: SOCic = initial SOC of the battery (assume 1; fully charged) Ibat = battery current that can be both positive and negative Qbat = battery capacity (Ah), needs converting to A.s for the simulation Simulation Tool Simulation X Simulation X is a multi domain program for modeling and simulation created by ITI GmbH. Some of its main features and capabilities are: Enables high level modelling platform for complex systems. Integrated with CAE design tool Over 30 standard industry specific libraries including automotive. Development of user specific libraries based on standard ones. Object oriented modelling language for simple and efficient modelling. Implementation of user based C code through external sources. Provides interface between various software available in market such as MATLAB/Simulink etc. Analysis tools available in Simulation X are: Transient Simulation: Capable of computing linear and non-linear models in the time domain. Steady State Simulation: Analyzing the models in periodic steady state condition dependent on a specific reference value. Linear System Analysis (Natural frequencies and mode shapes) : Efficiently generates damped and un damped natural frequencies of the complete system , time constants , eigen vectors, oscillations of state variables related to particular eigen frequencies. Linear System Analysis (Input Output Analysis): Enables linearization in the current operating point , analysis, export of state space matrices Modelling in Simulation X The vehicle type selected for the analysis of jerking and its effects is a sport utility vehicle (SUV) powered by a diesel engine shown earlier in figure 6 consisting a conventional diesel engine with crankshaft integrated starter generator (CISG), a DMF, a transmission gear box, a clutch between the transmission and the DMF, differential as a part of conventional power train and high voltage battery pack with power electronics on board as electric drive unit for the vehicle. Creating simulation models for hybrid power train requires various components of power train such as mechanics, hydraulics, electronics and pneumatics including the control aspects involved.